Gac Fruit Oils Encapsulated by Palm Oil-based Monoacylglycerols: The Effect of Drying Methods.

Lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs) are interesting wall-materials for encapsulation technology, in which monoacylglycerols (MAGs) are considered as potential ingredient for LLC formulation. This study, therefore, applied palm oil-based MAGs to encapsulate Gac fruit oils and compared the effect of two drying methods (freeze-drying and spray-drying) on the quality of products during storage. Wall-materials were prepared by ultrasound dispersing MAGs/water mixtures (40/60, w/w) into Pluronic solution (2%, w/w) to formulate LLC dispersions. Then, Gac fruit oils were encapsulated by freeze-drying and spray-drying. Various technologies were applied to characterize the properties of dispersions, the encapsulated powder morphology and the loading capacity. Obtained results showed that LLC dispersions made of palm oilbased MAG were micro- and nano-emulsions which were very convenient for encapsulating Gac fruit oils. For both drying methods, ß-carotene of Gac fruit oils was successfully entrapped by MAGs with a high loading capacity (200 µg ß-carotene/g powder). The degradation of encapsulated ß-carotene after four storage weeks was 10 - 40% and freeze-dried samples showed a better protection effect in comparison to spray-dried samples.

Potential use of red hibiscus flower extract for the production of spray-chilled microparticles: Characterization, stability, and bioaccessibility in vitro of anthocyanins.

Microparticles (MLP) containing red hibiscus flower (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) anthocyanins were produced by spray chilling, and characterized for physicochemical parameters, accelerated stability, and gastrointestinal release profile. Fully hydrogenated palm oil and cocoa butter were used as wall materials, at a lipid blend to hibiscus extract ratio of 70:30 (w/w). The lipid blends containing fully hydrogenated palm oil (FHPO) and cocoa butter (CB) were produced by ultrasound-assisted technique in the following FHPO to CB ratios: 100:0 (Control), 75:25, 50:50, 60:40, and 40:60. Increasing the cocoa butter content reduced the melting temperature and increased the unstable polymorphic behavior of the microparticles, resulting in amorphous characteristics. The microparticles exhibited higher viscosity, more agglomerates, and holes on the surface, and greater diameters. Characteristic peaks corresponding to the hibiscus extract were observed in the infrared spectra of the spray-chilled microparticles, indicating that the microencapsulation did not affect the anthocyanins. The antioxidant capacity of the red hibiscus anthocyanins ranged from 75 % to 79 %, with the best result observed for the treatment MLP_75:25. Higher antioxidant activities were observed for the lipid blends containing lower cocoa butter concentrations. Concerning the release profile of anthocyanins, the simulated GI digestion in vitro showed reduced release in the gastric tract and more intense release in the intestinal tract for an effective absorption of the antioxidant compounds in the small intestine. Furthermore, the treatment MLP_75:25 showed the highest encapsulation retention and lower total color difference in the accelerated stability study. Overall, the microparticles from all treatments were light-sensitive and thermosensitive at 35 °C. Thus, it is recommended to store the particles in a dark environment at temperatures below 35 °C for an effective use of the microparticles as natural food colorants.

Treatment of diluted palm oil mill effluent (POME) synchronous with electricity production in a persulfate oxidant-promoted photocatalytic fuel cell.

Attributable to the prosperous production growth of palm oil in Malaysia, the generated palm oil mill effluent (POME) poses a high threat owing to its highly polluted characteristic. Urged by the escalating concern of environmental conservation, POME pollution abatement and potential energy recovery from the effluent are flagged up as a research topic of interest. In this study, a cutting-edge photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) system with employment of ZnO/Zn nanorod array (NRA) photoanode, CuO/Cu cathode, and persulfate (PS) oxidant was successfully designed to improve the treatment of POME and simultaneous energy production. The photoelectrodes were fabricated and characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller analysis (BET). Owing to the properties of strong oxidant of PS, the proposed PFC/PS system has exhibited exceptional performance, attaining chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of 96.2%, open circuit voltage (Voc) of 740.0 mV, short circuit current density (Jsc) of 146.7 µA cm-2, and power density (Pmax) of 35.6 µW cm-2. The pre-eminent PFC/PS system performance was yielded under optimal conditions of 2.5 mM of persulfate oxidant, POME dilution factor of 1:20, and natural solution pH of 8.51. Subsequently, the postulated photoelectrocatalytic POME treatment mechanism was elucidated by the radical scavenging study and Mott-Schottky (M-S) analysis. The following recycling test affirmed the stability and durability of the photoanode after four continuous repetition usages while the assessed electrical energy efficiency revealed the economic viability of PFC system serving as a post-treatment for abatement of POME. These findings contributed toward enhancing the sustainability criteria and economic viability of palm oil by adopting sustainable and efficient POME post-treatment technology.

Correlation Study between the Organic Compounds and Ripening Stages of Oil Palm Fruitlets Based on the Raman Spectra.

The degree of maturity of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) at the time of harvest heavily affects oil production, which is expressed in the oil extraction rate (OER). Oil palm harvests must be harvested at their optimum maturity to maximize oil yield if a rapid, non-intrusive, and accurate method is available to determine their level of maturity. This study demonstrates the potential of implementing Raman spectroscopy for determining the maturity of oil palm fruitlets. A ripeness classification algorithm has been developed utilizing machine learning by classifying the components of organic compounds such as ß-carotene, amino acid, etc. as parameters to distinguish the ripeness of fruits. In this study, 47 oil palm fruitlets spectra from three different ripeness levels-under ripe, ripe, and over ripe-were examined. To classify the oil palm fruitlets into three maturity categories, the extracted features were put to the test using 31 machine learning models. It was discovered that the Medium, Weighted KNN, and Trilayered Neural Network classifier has a maximum overall accuracy of 90.9% by using four significant features extracted from the peaks as the predictors. To conclude, the Raman spectroscopy method may offer a precise and efficient means to evaluate the maturity level of oil palm fruitlets.

Emerging Lipids from Arecaceae Palm Fruits in Brazil.

Arecaceae palm tree fruits (APTFs) with pulp or kernel rich in oil are widely distributed in six Brazilian biomes. APTFs represent a great potential for the sustainable exploitation of products with high added value, but few literature studies have reported their properties and industrial applications. The lack of information leads to underutilization, low consumption, commercialization, and processing of these fruit species. This review presents and discusses the occurrence of 13 APTFs and the composition, physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds, and potential applications of their 25 oils and fats. The reported studies showed that the species present different lipid profiles. Multivariate analysis based on principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) indicated a correlation between the composition of pulp and kernel oils. Myristic, caprylic, capric, and lauric acids are the main saturated fatty acids, while oleic acid is the main unsaturated. Carotenoids and phenolic compounds are the main bioactive compounds in APTFs, contributing to their high oxidative stability. The APTFs oils have a potential for use as foods and ingredients in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and biofuel industries. However, more studies are still necessary to better understand and exploit these species.

Electrocoagulation treatment of raw palm oil mill effluent: Optimization process using high current application.

In the electrocoagulation wastewater treatment process, extremely polluted water treatment requires an effective technique, and using high current is one of those. This study aims to optimize electrocoagulation parameters such as operation time, electrodes gap and the initial pH by applying high current intensity to treat palm oil mill effluent (POME) via Box-Behnken design (BBD) method. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and suspended solids (SS) were used as the response variables in the quadratic polynomial model. Most of the selected models in the analysis of variance (ANOVA) have shown significant results. A high connection between the parameters and dependent variables was surprisingly discovered in this study which the obtained value of R2 for removal percentage of COD, BOD and SS were 0.9975, 0.9984 and 0.9979 respectively. Optimal removal was achieved at 19.07 A of current intensity (equivalent to 542 mA/cm2 of current density), 44.97 min of treatment time, 8.60 mm of inter-electrode distance and 4.37 of pH value, resulted in 97.21%, 99.26% and 99.00% of COD, BOD and SS removal respectively. This optimized scheme of operating parameters combination offers an alternate choice for enhancing the treatment efficiency of POME and also can be a benchmark for other researchers to treat highly polluted wastewater.

Phosphorus Removal and Phytonutrients Retention in the Refining of Solvent Extracted Palm-Pressed Mesocarp Fiber Oil.

Phosphoric acid is used in the refining of palm oil for the removal of phosphatides. The high concentration of phosphorus in solvent extracted palm-pressed mesocarp fiber oil hinders palm oil mills to recover this phytonutrients-rich residual oil in pressed fiber which typically contains 0.1 to 0.2% of total oil yield. This study aimed to refine the palm-pressed mesocarp fiber oil and determine the optimum dosage of phosphoric acid for acid-degumming of palm-pressed mesocarp fiber oil while retaining its phytonutrients. The refining process was carried out with combination of wet degumming, acid degumming, neutralisation, bleaching and deodorization. The optimum dose of phosphoric acid was identified as 0.05 wt.% by incorporating the wet degumming process. The refined palm-pressed mesocarp fiber oil showed a reduction in phosphorus content by 97% (from 901 ppm to 20 ppm) and 97% free fatty acid content removal (from 6.36% to 0.17%), while the Deterioration of Bleachability Index increased from 1.76 to 2.48, which showed an increment of 41%. The refined oil retained the key phytonutrients such as carotenoids (1,150 ppm) and vitamin E (1,540 ppm) that can be further developed into high-value products. The oil meets the quality specification of refined, bleached, and deodorized palm oil while preserving the heat-sensitive phytonutrients, which in turn provides a new resource of nutritious oil.

Effect of drying on the physical and chemical properties of palm kernel oil.

BACKGROUND: Palm kernel is the edible seed of the oil palm fruit obtained during the palm oil milling process. For efficient processing and storage, the moisture content of palm kernel must be reduced to an optimal level by drying. This study aimed to see how drying influenced the physical structure and physicochemical properties of palm kernel and oil. Before and after drying, the free fatty acid (FFA), color, fatty acid composition, Fourier transform infrared, thermal properties and structure of palm kernel were investigated. RESULTS: Results show that drying significantly (P < 0.05) reduced FFA and color of palm kernel oil. Drying also significantly affected (P < 0.05) composition of some fatty acids in palm kernel oil such as capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid and oleic acid. However, drying did not affect palm kernel and palm kernel oil functional groups and thermal properties. After drying, structural damage of palm kernel was observed. CONCLUSION: Based on these findings, the quality of kernel oil may be maintained after drying, and it can even be improved based on lower FFA content. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Scrubbed Palm Fatty Acid Distillate as Vitamin E Concentrate.

Vitamin E (VitE) production from crude palm oil (CPO) has been extensively studied and industrially conducted. VitE in CPO is in the range of 600 to 1,000 ppm, and is usually produced from one of the main by-products of edible palm oil production, namely palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). PFAD contains 4,000 to 5,500 ppm of VitE, and is produced from deodorization process of palm oil purification. This paper presents an innovative process of VitE concentrate production from CPO. A scrubber was designed and installed between the deodorizer and conventional PFAD scrubber. The main objective of this new scrubber was a recovery of glycerides from PFAD. This new scrubber is operated at 150 to 160℃. The scrubbed oil is named as Scrubbed Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (S-PFAD). This simple and efficient modified process can retrieve glycerides as S-PFAD at 0.3% recovery and it enhances VitE concentration in S-PFAD to the range of 28,000 to 32,000 ppm, which is the highest concentration of VitE that has ever been produced in the palm oil production. Fatty acids and glycerides in S-PFAD were esterified and transesterified to methyl esters. The methyl esters were evaporated from S-PFAD, and S-PFAD residue oil contained 24.7% VitE.

Development and Physicochemical Properties of Low Saturation Alternative Fat for Whipping Cream.

We developed an alternative whipping cream fat using shea butter but with low saturation. Enriched stearic-oleic-stearic (SOS) solid fat was obtained from shea butter via solvent fractionation. Acyl migration reactant, which mainly contains asymmetric SSO triacylglycerol (TAG), was prepared through enzymatic acyl migration to obtain the creaming quality derived from the ß'-crystal form. Through enzymatic acyl migration, we obtained a 3.4-fold higher content of saturated-saturated-unsaturated (SSU) TAG than saturated-unsaturated-saturated (SUS) TAG. The acyl migration reactant was refined to obtain refined acyl migration reactant (RAMR). An alternative fat product was prepared by blending RAMR and hydrogenated palm kernel oil (HPKO) at a ratio of 4:6 (w/w). The melting points, solid fat index (SFI), and melting curves of the alternative products were similar to those of commercial whipping cream fat. The alternative fat had a content of total unsaturated fatty acids 20% higher than that of HPKO. The atherogenic index (AI) of alternative fat was 3.61, much lower than those of whipping cream fat (14.59) and HPKO (1220.3), because of its low atherogenic fatty acid content and high total unsaturated fatty acids. The polymorphic crystal form determined by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy showed that the ß'-crystal form was predominant. Therefore, the alternative fat is comparable with whipping cream that requires creaming quality, and has a reduced saturated fat content.

Quality assessment of refined red palm-pressed mesocarp olein.

Palm-pressed mesocarp oil has been found to contain plenty of naturally occurring valuable phytonutrients. The application and study of the oil are limited, therefore, quality assessment of refined red palm-pressed mesocarp olein (PPMO) is deemed necessary to provide data in widening the applications as a niche products or raw material for the nutraceutical industry. Results showed that refined PPMO has comparable physicochemical properties and oxidative stability with commercial cooking oil, palm olein (PO). The food safety parameters and contaminants (PAH, 3-MCPD ester, 2-MCPD ester, glycidyl ester and trace metals) analyses proven that refined PPMO is safe to be consumed. Besides, refined PPMO contains remarkably greater concentrations of phytonutrients including carotenoids, phytosterols, squalene and vitamin E than PO, postulating its protective health benefits. The overall quality assessment of refined PPMO showed that it is suitable for human consumption and it is a good source for food applications and dietary nutritional supplements.

Digestive disorders associated with the consumption of palm fiber (Elaeis guineensis) in feedlot cattle / Distúrbios digestivos associados ao consumo de fibra de dendê (Elaeis guineensis) em bovinos criados em regime de confinamento

Digestive disorders in cattle are associated with the breeding system and feed provided to the animals. Abomasal compaction is primarily related to the ingestion of forage with elevated levels of lignin, low quality, and difficult digestibility. In addition, the excess of fibrous food in the diet can lead to phytobezoars that may be responsible for intestinal obstruction disorders. This study aimed to describe pathological and clinical aspects of an outbreak of digestive disorders associated with the consumption of palm fiber (Elaeis guineensis). The outbreak struck a herd of 499 animals raised in a feedlot system after a change in diet that included an increase in the amount of palm fiber. Forty (8.01%) animals showed clinical signs such as fattening and regurgitation during rumination, and 21 (4.2%) animals died later. The cattle affected presented with apathy, emaciation, dehydration, distended abdomen, incomplete or absent ruminal movements, and congestive mucosa. Three animals were submitted to necropsy, and distended rumen and reticulum has a large amount of brownish liquid, long and tangled vegetable fibers with sand and stones. In two animals, the omasum had many rounded structures measuring approximately 5cm in diameter, made of vegetable fiber (phytobezoars). Abomasum of animals had similar material to the rumen, and one animal had compressed content. In two animals, dilatation was observed in the small intestine, and in the opening, the total obstruction of the lumen by phytobezoar was observed. During the follow-up of the slaughter of 76 cattle, 15 (19.7%) had phytobezoars of different sizes in the omasum and abomasum. The increased amount of oil palm fiber in animal feeding favored the occurrence of compression abomasum and intestinal obstruction phytobezoa, causing significant economic losses.(AU)

Alguns distúrbios digestivos em bovinos podem estar associados ao sistema de criação e alimentação dos animais. Entre estes estão à compactação de abomaso e a obstrução intestinal por fitobezoários, ambas relacionadas principalmente com a ingestão de alimentos com altos níveis de lignina e, consequentemente, de difícil digestibilidade. Neste trabalho são descritos os aspectos clínicos e patológicos de um surto de distúrbios digestivos em bovinos associados ao consumo de fibra de dendê (Elaeis guineensis). O surto acometeu um rebanho de 499 bovinos, criados em sistema de confinamento, após uma mudança na dieta que incluiu o aumento na quantidade de fibra de dendê. Após a mudança 40 animais (8,01%) apresentaram diarreia, distensão abdominal e regurgitação durante a ruminação e 21 animais (4,2%) morreram. Os bovinos examinados clinicamente apresentavam sinais de apatia, emagrecimento, desidratação, abdômen distendido, movimentos ruminais incompletos e ausentes, além de mucosas congestas. Três animais foram submetidos à necropsia e observou-se rúmen e reticulo distendidos e com grande quantidade de líquido acastanhado, fibras vegetais longas e emaranhadas e presença de areia e pedras. Em dois animais o omaso continha grande número de estruturas arredondadas medindo aproximadamente 5cm de diâmetro, constituídas de fibras vegetais (fitobezoários). No abomaso dos animais havia material semelhante ao do rúmen, sendo que um animal apresentou conteúdo compactado e um deles também tinha fitobezoários. Em dois animais foram observadas dilatação e obstrução total do lúmen do intestino delgado por fitobezoários. Durante o acompanhamento do abate de 76 bovinos, 15 (19,7%) apresentavam fitobezoários de diferentes tamanhos no abomaso e omaso. O aumento da quantidade de fibra de dendê na alimentação dos animais favoreceu a ocorrência de casos de compactação de abomaso e obstrução intestinal por fitobezoários, ocasionando perdas econômicas significativas.(AU)

Variation in Infant Formula Macronutrient Ingredients Is Associated with Infant Anthropometrics.

BACKGROUND: There is wide variation in the macronutrient ingredient base of infant formula. How variation in macronutrient ingredients may impact infant growth remains largely unknown. METHODS: The 2015-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) dataset was utilized, including infant anthropometrics and dietary intake. The protein, fat, and carbohydrate sources of formulas consumed were assembled and considered as potential predictors in multivariable models of infant Z-scores among infants < 6 months, 6-12 months and all infants combined (0-12 months). RESULTS: The following relationships represent ingredient covariates within the final multivariable models of infant Z-scores. Consuming formula with palm oil was associated with higher weight-for-length Z-scores among infants < 6 months, but lower weight-for-age and weight-for-length Z-scores among infants 6-12 months. Consuming soy-protein formulas was associated with lower weight-for-length, head circumference-for-age and abdominal circumference-for-age Z-scores among infants < 6 months. Consuming sucrose-containing formula was associated with higher weight-for-length and abdominal circumference-for-age Z-score among infants 0-12 months. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide proof-of-concept that all formulas are not the same. Variation in macronutrient ingredients within the standard formula category is associated with differences in infant anthropometric outcomes. Long-term and mechanistic studies are warranted to pursue these findings; especially for palm oil, soy protein, and sucrose.

Sustainable Palm Oil-The Role of Screening and Advanced Analytical Techniques for Geographical Traceability and Authenticity Verification.

Palm oil production from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is vital for the economy of Malaysia. As of late, sustainable production of palm oil has been a key focus due to demand by consumer groups, and important progress has been made in establishing standards that promote good agricultural practices that minimize impact on the environment. In line with the industrial goal to build a traceable supply chain, several measures have been implemented to ensure that traceability can be monitored. Although the palm oil supply chain can be highly complex, and achieving full traceability is not an easy task, the industry has to be proactive in developing improved systems that support the existing methods, which rely on recorded information in the supply chain. The Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) as the custodian of the palm oil industry in Malaysia has taken the initiative to assess and develop technologies that can ensure authenticity and traceability of palm oil in the major supply chains from the point of harvesting all the way to key downstream applications. This review describes the underlying framework related to palm oil geographical traceability using various state-of-the-art analytical techniques, which are also being explored to address adulteration in the global palm oil supply chain.

Thermal Stability and Sensory Acceptance of Cupcakes Containing Red Palm Olein.

The study was designed to evaluate the nutritive value, thermal stability and consumer acceptance of cupcakes baked with red palm olein compared to palm olein. Thermal stability was evaluated for acidity, peroxide, p-anisidine and total oxidation value (cumulative between peroxide and p-anisidine values), as well as fatty acid composition. The concentrations of phytonutrients including tocopherols and tocotrienols, alpha- and beta-carotene after baking were also determined. Acceptance of the cupcakes was assessed using a structured hedonic scale of five points by 29 panelists. As compared to initial test oil (red palm olein), acidity (red palm olein, 0.07±0.01% vs cupcakes containing red palm olein, 0.09±0.01%; P=0.0232), peroxide value (red palm olein, 0.33±0.05 meq O2 kg-1 vs cupcakes containing red palm olein 0.73±0.06 meq O2 kg-1; P=0.0011) and total oxidation value (red palm olein, 2.24±0.13 unit vs cupcakes containing red palm olein, 3.09±0.17 unit; P=0.0012) were found to be higher in cupcakes containing red palm olein, which is within the acceptable rancidity range (peroxide value < 7.5 meq O2 kg-1) for snack food category. No changes were found on oxidative parameters (acidity, peroxide, p-anisidine values and total oxidation value) in cupcakes containing palm olein. Cupcakes made with red palm olein retained nearly 100% of alpha- and beta-carotenes upon baking. Tocopherol homologues were stable in both comparisons, with 95% retention as compared to tocotrienol homologues (~85%). Cupcakes made from red palm olein received higher score (mean=3.29) in sensory evaluation as compared to cupcakes containing palm olein (mean=3.07). The study, therefore, encourages the inclusion of red palm olein in the formulation of bakery products.

Reduced crying and favourable stool characteristics in Chinese infants fed milk fat-based formula.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Chinese infants consuming four different commercially-available infant formulas were evaluated on gut comfort and stool consistency parameters. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Gut comfort characteristics were evaluated during a 7-day cross-sectional observational study in 409 healthy, term, exclusively formula-fed infants via questionnaires and fecal parameters. RESULTS: The stool consistency and color scores were different between the infants consuming one of the four commercially-available infant formulas including different fat sources, i.e. one milk fat-based (IF1), two structured vegetable fat blend-based (IF2 and IF4) and one palm oil-free vegetable fat blend-based (IF3). The scoring pattern showed more 'soft-formed' stools for IF1- consuming infants compared to infants consuming IF2, IF3 or IF4. In addition, a lower amount of green feces was observed in combination with an increase in golden-colored feces for IF1-consuming infants compared to the other groups. Furthermore, IF1-consuming infants reported less fussy/crying time during the night and less gut discomfort. Infants consuming milk fat-based IF1 showed significantly lower fatty acid soaps compared to palmoil free IF3-fed infants. CONCLUSIONS: Infants consuming milk fat-based IF1 experienced less gut discomfort compared to infants consuming other commercially-available infant formula. Lower fecal fatty acid soap levels, fussy/crying time during the night and gut discomfort were observed. These findings contribute to the current understanding of the association between lipid structure and gut comfort parameters. However, the suggested benefits noted cannot be fully linked to the effect of fat blend differences since formulas differ in ingredient-sourcing and processing. Future research should confirm the added benefit of milk fat-based infant formulas to improve gut comfort parameters.

Extraction induced by emulsion breaking for As, Se and Hg determination in crude palm oil by vapor generation-AFS.

In this work is presented the development of a method for As and Se determination in crude palm oil samples by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry and Hg by cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry after ultrasound-assisted emulsification and extraction induced by emulsion breaking (EIEB). The optimization of the method was carried out by multivariate designs. The developed method has presented limits of quantification (LOQ) of 0.72, 0.12, and 1.5 µg L-1 for As, Hg, and Se, respectively. The precisions of the proposed method expressed as repeatability were 0.92, 2.2, and 3.7% RSD for 2 µg L-1 (n = 10) of As, Hg and Se, respectively. The developed methodology was applied in palm oil samples collected in the Bahia State. Concentrations (µg L-1) found in the samples were between

O/W Pickering emulsions stabilized by Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide nanoparticles as a fat substitute: the effects of phase separation on emulsified sausage's techno-functional and sensory quality.

BACKGROUND: The application of Pickering emulsion stabilized by food-derived particles is of great interest in the food field, including meat processing. However, the creaming phenomenon is a thorny problem and may impact the resulting product quality. Here, we used polysaccharide nanoparticles from Flammulina velutipes (FVPN) as a stabilizer to prepare a oil/water Pickering emulsion and partly replace the original fat of common emulsified sausage, focusing on exploring the influence of phase separation on the sausage's techno-functional and sensory quality, with the aim of developing a new alternative fat substitute. RESULTS: Reformulated sausages showed increases in moisture (53.24-64.85%) and protein content (11.97-12.76%), but were reduced in fat content (27.28-18.76%). The increased FPOE (FVPN-palm oil emulsion; substitution rate 5-37%) amount in sausages resulted in significantly reduced (P < 0.05) cooking loss (18.87-8.63%). Meanwhile, emulsion improved the springiness and cohesiveness of sausage and significantly reduced (P < 0.05) hardness and chewiness when the replacement amount was less than 20%. Experimental sausages attained a more compact pore structure without harming sensory characteristics. Compared with creaming emulsion, pristine emulsion resulted in a sausage with higher moisture content, lower cooking loss, better elasticity and denser structure. CONCLUSION: The characteristics of sausages could be influenced by emulsion stability. Emulsion, especially with no creaming, can be effectively used as fat substitute at a level of 20% or less without adversely affecting the sensory characteristics of emulsified sausages. The incorporation of FPOE provides the potential for developing a new alternative approach for animal fat improvement in meat products. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Storage stability and degradation kinetics of bioactive compounds in red palm oil microcapsules produced with solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical carbon dioxide: A comparison with the spray-drying method.

Solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical carbon dioxide (SEDS) and spray drying (SD) were used to microencapsulate red palm oil (RPO) to prolong the functionality of carotenes and vitamin E. The protective effects provided by SEDS and SD were evaluated in terms of the oxidative stability (65 °C for 35 days), fatty acid compositions, color change and degradation kinetics of carotenes and vitamin E (25 °C, 45 °C, 65 °C, and 85 °C for up to 198 days). SEDS microcapsules (SEDS-M) were the most oxidatively stable (total oxidation (Totox): 26.5), followed by SD microcapsules (SD-M) (34.9) and RPO (56.7). Degradation of carotenes and vitamin E fitted well a first-order kinetic model (average absolute relative deviation = 2-16%). SEDS-M offered better protection to vitamin E (Ea = 36 kJ/mol), whereas SD-M provided better protection for α +â€¯ß carotene (Ea = 29 kJ/mol). Overall, encapsulation protected RPO during storage, with SEDS-microencapsulated RPO performing better than SD-microencapsulated RPO.

Phytosterols Content in Vegetable Oils of Brazil: Coconut, Safflower, Linseed and Evening Primrose

Abstract In the last years phytosterols, natural components of plants, have received more attention due to association of their consumption with reducing risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. There are several scientific studies about phytosterols in vegetable oils, but they are scarce in unconventional oils. The objective of this research was evaluating the content of phytosterols (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol) in vegetable oils sold in São Paulo city, in Brazil. The analysis included cold alkaline saponification, derivatization with hexamethyldisilazane and trimethylchlorosilane reagents, and quantification by gas chromatography using flame ionization detection and internal standardization. The quality control parameters indicated that the method was suitable for analysis. Total sterols were between 272.3 mg kg-1 (coconut oil) to 6169.7 mg kg-1 (evening primrose oil). β-sitosterol was the component found in higher concentrations and evening primrose oil was the most representative in quantity of phytosterols.